measurements of the equivalentcircuit parameters of tunnel diodes
The measurement of equivalent-circuit parameters is of particular importance in the development of semiconductor devices, in the control of their uniformity in manufacture, and in their application in practical circuits. Tunnel diodes present unusual measurement problems, both because of their unstable behavior in the measuring circuit under certain bias conditions and because some of the characteristics to be measured are not directly accessible for measurement at the diode terminals. These...
COMPLETE PARTS LIST Hzf
1 Broadcast and short wave antenna coil No. 14-2860 1 Broadcast and shortwave oscillator coil No. 14-2862 1 PM speaker with output transformer No. 25274 1 Variable condenser No. 26128 1 Filter choke No. T-20C65 6 Octal sockets, 25-8209 1 500K ohm volume control with switch, 19701 1 Band switch, 25273 1 Dial mechanism plate, 02865 1 Trimmer base assembly, 17738 1 Dial drum, 19706 1 Dial cord and spring assembly, 02869 1 Dial Shaft, 19703 1 C washer for dial shaft, 16653 1 Bakelite washer for...
commonly used
However, on very long wavelengths it has been found advantageous to use step-up ratio transformers, by having a greater number of secondary than primary turns. -iliW'I'I'I'H b-battery FIG. 14 Three stage radio frequency amplifier circuit. -iliW'I'I'I'H b-battery FIG. 14 Three stage radio frequency amplifier circuit. In the transformer coupled circuit shown in fig. 14, the filaments are connected in parallel across the common A battery with a variable rheostat to adjust the filament current. A B...
HighPower WBand Source Module
The output power of the W-band source module is a function of the sum of the conversion losses of the R-band amplifier doubles the W-band amplifier tripler. and the coupler detector Since these conversion or insertion losses are optimum in the middle of the W-band region, high output power can be obtained in this region. The HP 83558A Option H03 source module was created to satisfy the need for high power around the 94-GHz atmospheric window The ouiput power is maximized by optimizing the...
How the WaveLength of an Aerial May Be IncreasedIt
has been found convenient to include an inductance in the down lead wire to the receiver for the purpose of passing the received signal voltage to the set. Sometimes this added inductance coil is connected directly to the set and at other times it is coupled magnetically to the tuned circuit. When in the closed circuit type, a coil of inductance L micro-henries is connected in the down-lead of an aerial whose inductance is La micro-henries, the new wave-length is being given by . X 1,885V L La...
a RectifierType Meter for Power output Measurements at audio frequencies
IN the course of routine experimental work in the laboratory there often occurs the need for a convenient means of measuring the power delivered by a device at frequencies for which the ordinary dynamometer-type of wattmeter fails. This problem might, for instance, appear when testing the audio-frequency amplifiers of a public-address system or when making the standard fidelity, sensitivity, and selectivity tests upon radio receivers. In each instance the power output of the tested device is...
Frequency Determination
ONE need be only a casual reader of current radio literature to know that the precision determination of frequency is a most important engineering problem. The growing economic, political, and social significance of all radio channels is requiring an increasingly precise distribution of services over the useful frequencies of the spectrum. Already the Federal liadio Commission requires that the broadcasting station's carrier frequency at the high-fre-quency end of the band be maintained within...
Functional Analysis of a Typical SSB Receiver
To see the relationship of the parts in an SSB communications receiver, look at the block diagram on page 135. Basically, the receiver is a double conversion superheterodyne. It has an RF, a high IF, a low IF, and an audio section. However, to permit satisfactory SSB operation, a number of stages are added to the basic superheterodyne stages. RF section. The alternate channels in the RF section are simply for convenience and accuracy of tuning. The frequency coverage, 4-22 mc, is too broad for...
DCtoGHz Programmable Step Attenuators
Based on HP's proven edgeiine technology, these attenuators provide the HP 8360 sweepers with up to 90 dB of attenuation in 10-dB steps. COAXIAL ATTENUATORS are simple enough in concept but not so easy to design when the required frequency range is dc to 50 GHz. This is especially true when switchability and high repeatability without loss of accuracy and match are required. A few years ago, type N and SMA were ihe connectors of choice for coaxial devices. Their maximum upper frequency limit...
Continuous RTTY Reception on the ZX
This article describes a program and interface originally developed for the ZX80 which will allow it to receive and display RTTY. Since then, a more powerful -ZX6G and ZlOOO have become available. While this system is not directly compatible with these newer computers, it can be adapted for their use. The program was tested at 60 wp only, but the electronics are sufficiently fast to operate at higher RTTY speeds. The Baudot code was used at one signaling rate. The approach was to keep it...
ft these values may be substituted for Pi and P in equation
The logarithm of a number is the power to which 10 must be raised to equal the number in question. For example, log. 100 2 because 10 100. Similarly log. 867 2.9380 because 102'3380 867, etc. Example. What gain in decibels will be received if the voltage of an amplifier rises to 5 times the normal level at a certain frequency N 20 log.io 5 20X0.699 14 decibels Approx. Reference Level. It is important to note that the decibel is not a power unit such as the watt or kilowatt but is strictly...
Strife Testing the Alphanumeric Display
To enhance the user interface of the HP 8360 synthesized sweepers, a multiline alphanumeric display was desired. After a preliminary investigation, we decided to evaluate vacuum fluorescent display technology. A six-line. 40-character alphanumeric d-splay, complete with power supply and drivers, was available from several vendors. Having no previous experience with vacuum fluorescent display technology, we first had to determine what stress modes and levels would be most beneficial in...
Response in the InfraRed or Heat Wave RegionThe
range of sensitivity of various photo-electric devices extends from 2,000 Angstrom in the ultra-violet region to approximately 20,000 Angstrom in the infra-red or heat wave region. In practice, one need not expect any useful response beyond 12,000 Angstroms in cesium-oxide phototubes. It seems doubtful at present if more than a mere trace of photo-electric effect will ever be experimentally realized for the infra-red region beyond, say, 30,000 Angstroms. Quite possibly dependence will have to...
at both audio and intermediate frequencies but filters must also
be inserted to separate the frequencies so as to prevent feedback. A typical reflex circuit using one tube and a crystal detector is shown in fig. 28. Intermediate Frequency Amplifiers. The function of the intermediate frequency amplifier in a super-heterodyne receiver is to convert the r.f. signal to an intermediate frequency. To obtain this change in frequency, a frequency-converting device consisting of an oscillator and a frequency mixer is commonly employed. In a circuit of this type two...
Communications Receiver Bargains
BC453B 190-550 kc G-tube superhet w 85 kc tF's. ideal as Jong-wave revr, as tu abfe IF amp . as 2nd convert. W all data, CHECKED ELECTRICALLY 12 95 Grtd. OK M lbs. fob Los Angeles Same, in handsome cabinet w pwr sply, spkr. lt 37 5Q etc., ready to uset is our QX-535, 19 lbs, . . f RBS Navy's pride 2-20 mc 14-tube superhet has voice filter for low noise, ear-saving AG C, high sens, amp select. IF is 1255 kc. Checked, aligned, w pwr sply. cords, tech data, ready to use, fob Charleston, S. C. 559...
May Qex Advertising Index
THE AMERICAN RADIO Hk RELAY LEAGUE, INC W The American Radio Relay League, inc. is a vpy noncommercial association ot radio amateurs, V organized for the promotion of interest in Amateur Rsdio communication and experimentation, for the establishment of networks to provide communications in the event of disasters or other emergencies, 'r.i the advancement ot the radio art and of the public welfare, for he representation of the radio amateur in legislative matters, and for the maintenance of...
PiNetwork and Coil Design Made Easy with the TRS Pocket Computer
Do you shy away from designing resonant rf circuits because of the complexity of the calculations Would you like to extend the range of that faithful old linear amplifier to 160 meters but hate to depend on weeks of cut-and-try to find the proper coil size Have you worn out your handbook by referring to the matching-network tables that never quite fit your application If the answer to any of these questions is yes, read on. Here is a lazy man's approach to designing pi networks and air-eore,...
Principles of Radio Telephony
Radio telephony may be defined as the transmission to a distance of speech, music and other sounds through space without wire, by means of electro-magnetic waves. In the standard system of radio telephony continuous waves are used of much higher frequency than those of audible sounds. The amplitude of those waves is modulated by the connection of a microphone in the transmitting circuit. Receiving apparatus are similar to those employed in radio telegraphy and are designed so that the head set...
Selected Vector Volt
COMPLEX INSERTION LOSS OR GAIN COMPLEX REFLECTION COEFFICIENT COMPLEX IMPEDANCE OR ADMITTANCE TWO-PORT NETWORK PARAMETERS ANTENNA IMPEDANCE AND PHASE CHARACTERISTICS The arrangement shown in a is limited to the frequency range of the directional couplers usually gt 200 MHz . The cable or line-stretcher may be needed at the higher frequencies to compensate for phase shift in the directional couplers and other circuitry. A simpler arrangement, useful at lower frequencies, is shown in b ....
paper upon which theexactoutlineof the panel or chassis has been
made. The parts are generally moved around until a satisfactory arrangement has been obtained. The centers and sizeof the various holes are then laid out on the paper, after which the SCRATCH ON METAL TO FACILITATE BENDING One Side Only FIG. 2 After corners has been removed and the drilling and cutting completed, the projecting sides of the metal is bent down 90 to form the chassis as shown in fig. 4. paper is transferred to the panel and properly fastened by gummed paper or adhesive tape. Only...
The Miner Superdyne Circuit
This is one of the very recent circuits which have appeared and we have found it the most successful of the many attempts to combine the advantages of regeneration and radio-frequency amplification. While we would not recommend that it be attempted by one who is building his first set, still it is not beyond the ability of anyone with a little experience in radio construction. This circuit differs from the usual radio-frequency circuit in the use of the tickler coil. It Is found In all tuned...
The Use of the HP Microwave Design System in the WBand Tripler Design
To achieve the maximum conversion efficiency of the tripler described in I he accompanying article, it was necessary to provide a very good match to the diode at the tripler input frequencies 25 GHz to 36.66 GHz . An impedance matching filter was designed using the Microwave Nonlinear Simulator MNS which is a part of Hewlett-Packard's Microwave Design System MDS . The design of the filter took place in three stages Developing and simulating a model of the nonlinear device used for...
Nkk Talks About Future Pacsat Pbbs Operations
AMSAT-NA Area Coordinator Jim White, WD0E, has asked some questions of interest to OSCAR satellite users about the PACSATs and AMSAT. Software engineer, Harold Price, NK6K, has responded with the following answers. WD0E Which PACSAT will commence PBBS operations first NK6K UO-14 is now about 80 functional with the PBBS software. AO-16 will be brought to that level, then LO-19. WD0E Will the TLM or Whole Orbit Data WOD format, frequency or any other parameters change NK6K This is more of a...
c o m m unica t ion circui t s
Determining the transmission characteristics of communications apparatus is, like all other problems in measurement, nothing more than the judicious application of certain standardized definitions. A possible difference may be claimed in the fact that these quantities are defined, for convenience, as the logarithm of a ratio where almost every one else would be content to talk about the simple arithmetical ratio. But to claim special privilege on that score would be a most puerile form of...
Electrical Data
The new decades require an 80-volt negative-going pulse of 1 microsecond maximum rise time for driving purposes, somewhat lower than the driving voltage of previous units because of reduced stray capacities in the new layout. If faster rise time is available, somewhat less amplitude can be vised since the driving pulse is applied to a differentiating network of approximately 100 rami in series with 15,000 ohms. Each decade provides an 80-volt negative-going output step for driving another...
Networking Conference Proceedings Available
The ARRL CRRL Computer Networking Conference was held in London, Ontario, Canada on September 22. The proceedings of this ninth edition of the conference are available now from ARRL HQ for 12.00 plus 2.50 3.50 UPS for shipping and handling. The papers contained in this year's edition are 9600 Baud Operation by Phil Anderson, W0XI, and Karl Medcalf, WK5M Digital Regenerator Modification for the TNC-2A by William A. Beech, NJ7P, and Jack Taylor, N700 Considering Next-Generation Amateur Voice...
GHz Synthesizer Tests Frequency Converter Heads
APG-3.5connector, which is mode-free to 34 Gf lz,' is used up to 4U GHz in the 5356C. The effect of this connector's moiling between 34 and 4 j CHz is taken into account by reducing the specified sensitivity by 5 dB in this region, A special collar was designed for the APC-3.fi connector to strengthen it and to protect it from damage. Waveguide connector WR-28 is also offered, ior customers using only R-band 26.5 to 40 GHz . To test the accuracy of the 5356 5355 system in CW and pulse modes, a...
Cathodefollower Rf Power Amplifier
Showing the relationships between the tube potentials and currents and the input and output power of the stage. The approximate grid impedance also is given. The design of such an amplifier stage is essentially the same as the design of a grounded-grid amplifier stage as far as the first step is concerned. Then, for the second step the operating conditions given in figure 10 are applied to the data obtained in the first step. As an example, take the 304TL stage previously described. The total...
A HighSpeed Microwave Pulse Modulator
This optional fast pulse modulator uses an unequally spaced diode topology to achieve a wide bandwidth and a high on-off ratio without resorting to performance-limiting diode saturation. FAST PULSE MODULATION, Option 006 for the HP 8360 synthesized sweep oscillators, offers improved pulse modulation performance over the standard instrument block diagram. In this configuration, the instrument has an additional pulse modulator at the output of the RF deck. Pulse modulating after the YIG...
Arrl Publications
1.8-54 MHz Skywave Propagation Software - Version 4 State-of-the-Art Forecasting for Amateur, Professional amp Military Users MENU DRIVEN Easy-to-use interface for Solar Flux, Sun Spot Number, TX Power, TX RX Antennas, min. SNR, Local Noise, Bandwidth, Short Long Path, Frequencies TABULAR SUMMARY Slonal-to-Noise Ratio, RX Power amp Microvolts, S N and Path Availabilities, Total Link Reliability, E F or Mixed Modes, Ant Gain Take-off Angle IONGRAM CHIRP PLOTS Selection of 0-30 MHz or 0-60 MHz...
Radio Batteries
There may be confusion in the minds of some as to batteries so a classification of types and functions will be helpful, particularly to the novice. Radio batteries may be classified according to the three elements of the vacuum tube which they serve, as A battery B battery C battery The three elements of the common vacuum tube, filament, plate and'grid are often designated by the letters A,.B and C. The order in which the letters are assigned corresponds to the historical development of the...
Vacuum Tubes
Vacuum Tubes. A vacuum radio tube in its simplest form is somewhat similar to an electric light bulb, but contains a number of metallic elements for various purposes for use in conjunction with radio transmission and reception. The parts of a typical vacuum tube is shown below. Fig. 1. Parts and assembly of a typical glass radio tube. The filament, grid screen and plate are sealed in the tube, from which the air has been removed. Courtesy R.C.A. Mfg. Co. ' Fig. 1. Parts and assembly of a...
Amateur Television
Sensitive GaAsfet converter tunes 420-450 MHz with 25 dB gain Two frequency gt 1 watt p.e.p. transmitter properly matches linear amps with adjustable internal sync stretcher amp blanking level set Full 25 kHz dev. broadcast standard 4.5 MHz sound subcarrier 10 pin VHS color camera and RCA phono jack camcorder or VCR inputs, type N antenna input, and F TV output connectors Transmit video monitor outputs to camera and phono jack Small attractive shielded cabinet - 7 x 7 x 2.5, 11b 10oz. Just...
Taper reamer in for brace
1 Taper reamer in. for brace. 1 Center punch. 1 Electric soldering iron 100 watts, small pointed tip . 1 Heavy knife 1 Circle cutter adjustable for brace. 1 Screw driver bit for brace. 1 Countersink for brace. 1 Carpenter's ratchet brace. . 1 1 Hand drill 2 speed . 1 Yardstick or other straight edge. x 1 Carpenter's plane 8 to 12 in. . 1 Combination square 12 in. . 1 Pr. wing dividers 8 in. . 1 Long shank screw driver with screw holding clip i i' n. , blade . 1 Screw driver 6 in. to 7 in. M in....
Selectronics
OS-11 Scope Full 1 Meg 3 Tube For 19 Rack Mount Regular amp triggered Sweep. Price 34.95 TS-323 UR Freq Meter Controlled heterodyne-type Inst. Freq Range 20-450 MC. Price 74.95 Xcellent Cond W Bogk TS-155C Sig Generator Freq Range 2700-3400 MC Units in good condition. Sold for Parts 14.95 115V - 50-1600 eye 1 phase P S included in Gen. R509-ARC Receivers Freq Range 118-143 MC with squelch. New 14.95 T-19 ARC Xmitters 3 4 MC Freq Range. 1 MC-Xtals precision type for octal sockets. Panel Meter 0...
Amateur Television
Sensitive GaAsfet converter tunes 420-450 MHz with 25 dB gain Two frequency gt 1 watt p.e.p. transmitter properly matches linear amps with adjustable internal sync stretcher amp blanking level set Full 25 kHz dev. broadcast standard 4.5 MHz sound subcarrier 10 pin VHS color camera and RCA phono jack camcorder or VCR inputs, type N antenna input, and F TV output connectors Transmit video monitor outputs to camera and phono jack Small attractive shielded cabinet - 7 x 7 x 2.5, 11b 10oz. Just...
Modular Microwave Breadboard Svstem
One potential disadvantage of the drop-in assembly methods used for the modspiitter and tow-band microcircuits is that there s no easy way to test the individual circuits within these hybrids With the former design method of placing each circuit in its own package, this was not a problem ir- the new desigr however the circuits are hioden away inside a final large package and it may not even be possible to gain access to both ports of all of the circuits A new technique was needed to test the...
First Choice Among The Nation S Am A Teurs
E. F. JOHNSON COMPANY WASECA, MINNESOTA 1379 East 15th Street C nntonfc V lume Number 12 Silicon Rectifiers Cnm WI0OP 6 How not to pop 'em, a lesson for haras and engineers alike, Tuning Bypass Condensers j m Kyle K5JKX 6 8 How to make a bypass bypass at the VHF's. Simplescope p erQQ W0QPA 10 Perchance the titie may give this one away. You need one. Build it VFO Chirp VS 6AU6 Al Brogdon K3KMO 20 Several VFO's use a 6AU6. Lousy choice, try a 6AH6 instead and see. Conso,e Dassow W9H KA 22 If...
Measurement Tools
Compute systems are extremely complex, requiring comprehension at many evels Measurements, too. must be made at different levels to provide a complete system charaderizaticr For a particular metric, it is important to choose the best tool The tools can be compared ,n terms of what they can measure their ease of use, the overhead they incur and their sampling frequencies Table t compares the tools for each category Hardware measurement tools analyze signals trom tne machine under test Most...
by Thomas A Hender
Objective design a shirt-pocket calculator package for minimum factory cost, with reliability equal to or better than that of the HP-35 family. HP quality standards must be maintained. Shirt-pocket size was achieved by reducing the number of keys from 35 to 30 one less horizontal row and by spacing the keys closer together. Spacing is the minimum deemed comfortable for the majority of users. Also, the display was reduced from 15 to 12 digits, and decimal points share positions with their...
The Use of HP ME in the WBand Tripler Design
The use o' drafting tables oencils and paper for design and drafting at HP is rapidly disappearing and being replaced by computers, displays, and keyboards The primary mechanical design software is HP ME 10 for two-dimensional work and HP ME 30 for solids modeling The package for the W-band tripler microcircuit described in the accompanying article was designed using ME 10 The required views were constructed with exact geometry so that other areas involved in documentation and manufacturing...
HP MAP File Transfer Access and Management
File Transfer, Access, and Management, or FT AM, is an OSI Standard that defines the framework upon which layer seven file transfer services can be built for accessing and managing files across open systems. THE BASIC DISTRIBUTED file system capability for OSI communication is defined by the file service standard called File Transfer, Access, and Maoage-menl FTAM FTAM defines facilities for Ihe transfer of files between open systems and provides a framework for accessing and managing files...
Down East Microwave
Amateur Microwave Antennas and Equipment beam scatter redirection. One particularly interesting method of beam blockage is by use of a mirror cemented to the cone of a speaker the angle of beam reflection varies with the speaker drive both amplitude and frequency . Another interesting shutter is a chopping wheel a circular fan blade with periodic apertures, which can chop the beam into pulses. In fact, this method is the most used as the chopped beam can convey intelligence by small changes in...
Surplus Specials
Monitor sub-unit for freq-shift converter CV-89A U RA-8A. with 2BPI CRT, 1Z2, 12AX7, 5 controls, tube shield, etc. 4JV x 5 x 12. Shpg. Wt. 7 ibs. Schematic incl. . 56.95 Monitor sub-unit for freq-shift converter CV-89A U RA-8A. with 2BPI CRT, 1Z2, 12AX7, 5 controls, tube shield, etc. 4JV x 5 x 12. Shpg. Wt. 7 ibs. Schematic incl. . 56.95 Pi-network Loading Capacitor, 5 sections, each 20-400 mmf, 2000m mf total. 3s shaft. 4 ibs. 2.00 Power Transformer 350-0-350 v. 135 ma de, 5v 3A, 6.3v 3 6A. 3...
Analyzer Synthesizes Frequency Response of Linear Systems
A COMPLETE CAPABILITY for synthesizing the frequency response of linear systems based on their pole-zero, pole-residue, or polynomial model is included in the HP 3562A Signal Analyzer. This synthesis capability includes table conversion, the ability to convert automatically between the three models. The frequency responses can be frequency scaled and system lime delays can be added. The designed system frequency responses are synthesized with exactly the same frequency points as those used by...
Lafayette He B Deluxe Meter Transceiver
High Efficiency Up To 100 Modulation New Modulation and Power Transformers plus 7BG8 Power Pentode New Heavy-Duty Communications Vibrator Front Pane Antenna Loading Controls New Standby Switch VFO Power Jack Sensitive Superheterodyne Receiver Built-in 117 VAC and 12 VDC Power Supplies Rugged Push to laik Ceramic Microphone LAFAYETTE HE-50A 10 METER TRANSCEIVER Simitar to above except for 10-meter operation 89.95 THE LAFAYETTE HE-30 Professional Quality Communications Receiver Tunes 550 KCS to...
The phase inverter
The phase inverter used is of the type in which the out-of-phase voltage is obtained from the cathode circuit. Actually, the 25,000-ohm resistor at the ground end of the 6J5 cathode is really part of the plate circuit. Where additional amplifier gain is not needed, this form of phase inverter is preferable from the standpoint of simplicity to the double-triode type, and was used for this reason. Notice the 250,000-ohm resistors connected from the plates of the 6L6-G tubes to the plates of the...
notes on power Measurement in communication Circuits
ANOTHER communication meas-j urement problem makes its appearance when it is desired to determine experimentally how much power a given power source is capable of delivering to a specified load or sink. So long as the source itself is available for test, it is merely necessary to set up the equipment and make the measurements. If, however, the source is not available, some means must be found of simulating it. At least two methods for doing the job are available, and we propose to describe...
Transmitter Series 1
TMC Models SBT-1K series of transmitters provide conservatively rated 1 kw PEP output in SSB modes, with Signal to Distortion ratio of 40db, and 1 kw average power in conventional communication modes within the frequency range of 2 to 32 Mcs, Stabilities of 1 port in 10 to synthesized accuracy of I part in 108, with 100 cps incremental tuning, are featured in this series of transmitters. The TMC SBT-1K series of transmitters are attractively housed in semi-pressurized cabinets with many...